This work evaluated the water absorption of glazed porcelain stoneware ceramic tiles using three different methods. Two methods were based on a procedure of boiling in water, specified by standards ISO 10545 and ASTM C373, and the third was the vacuum method proposed by the standard ISO 10545. The three products produced under the three different firing conditions were tested according to a 22 factorial design, with intervening factors of the boiling time and immersion time for the methods involving boiling, and of pressure and immersion time for the vacuum method. The maximum saturation of the plates was evaluated by helium gas pycnometry testing. The results showed that no sample saturation occurs in the boiling water absorption test performed according to the conditions established by standards ISO 10545 and ASTM C373. The values of open porosity, using the method of helium gas picnometry, showed absolute values of saturation higher than those presented by the water absorption measured according to the current standards. Thus, the results showed that the current methods for determining the water absorption of glazed porcelain stoneware ceramic tiles do not guarantee the complete saturation of the plates and, therefore, they are not able to correctly measure this property.

The aim of this work was to experimentally evaluate the use of calcium carbonate as a pore-generating agent in ceramic compositions. Compositions that contained 50% kaolin, 20% limestone, and different concentrations of quartz and feldspar were prepared by uniaxial pressing. Samples were heat-treated at a heating rate appropriate to induce calcium carbonate degassing, and they were then sintered at 800, 900, and 1050 ºC. Tests of X-ray fluorescence, thermogravimetric analysis, porosimetry, and air permeation were performed. The composition (wt%) that contained 50% kaolin, 20% limestone, 20% feldspar, and 10% quartz and heat treated at 1050 ºC (k1 = 1.73×10-13 m² and k2 = 1.00×10-8 m) showed the highest level of permeability among the investigated samples. Fluid dynamics simulations showed that the prepared samples would exhibit a pressure drop greater than the range desired for applications that involve the filtration of aerosols, but alternatively would be suitable as substrates for asymmetric membranes in microfiltration applications.

Resíduos de serviços de saúde da cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP, previamente esterilizados em autoclave, foram inoculados com microrganismos da espécie P. aeruginosa na forma vegetativa para o processamento com microondas em escala de laboratório. Analisou-se a influência do tempo de exposição à radiação (25, 30, 35 e 40 min.) e da potência por unidade de massa de resíduo (60, 80 e 100 W/kg) no percentual de inativação dos microrganismos para a umidade de entrada do resíduo de 50% em base úmida. Os resultados experimentais foram ajustados com base na cinética de primeira ordem para determinação da energia de ativação (no intervalo de 13,9 a 14,1 kJ/mol) e do fator pré-exponencial da lei de Ahrrenius (10,7 min-1) pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. As equações propostas permitiram obter por simulação a constante cinética e estimar o tempo de processamento necessário para fornecer diferentes níveis de inativação. Por exemplo, o tempo de exposição à radiação de 117 min foi requerido para se obter o nível de inativação 6.Log 10 para os resíduos processados à 100 W/kg e à temperatura de 100ºC.

Public healthcare wastes from the city of Ribeirão Preto-SP, pre-sterilised in an autoclave, were inoculated with microrganisms of the species P. aeruginosa in vegetative form for microwave processing on a laboratory scale. An analysis was made of the influence of radiation exposure time (15, 25, 30 and 40 min) and power per waste mass unit (60, 80 and 100 W/kg) on the percentage of inactivation of the microrganisms at an incoming waste moisture level of 50% (wet basis). The experimental results were adjusted based on first-order kinetic model. The activation energies (in the range of 13.9 to 14.1 kJ/mol) and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factors (10.7 min-1) were determined by the least squares method. The kinetic parameters obtained allow one to predict by simulation the first-order kinetic constant achieved with P. aeruginosa in typical healthcare waste, based on the radiation exposure time and temperature for some levels of inactivation. For example, the waste disinfection time required for the inactivation level equivalent to 6.Log10 was estimated to 117 min for wastes processed at 100 W/kg and at temperatures of 100ºC.

Knowledge of the porous structure of amorphous materials is of fundamental importance in calculating geometrical parameters such as total porosity, pore size distribution and physical parameters relating to fluid flow inside void space. The present work deals with the measurement of the microstructural parameters of porous ceramic filters. Microtomographic measurements of samples were taken using an X-ray tube. Bremsstrahlung radiation was filtered in transmission mode with a Sn filter at 58.5 and 28.3 keV and the images analyzed in two ways. The first method consisted in analyzing transepts of the images in order to calculate total porosity based on the average particle size and media linear attenuation coefficients. The second method involved a study of the images using an image analysis software, called Imago, which allows one to calculate total porosity and pore size distribution. The total measured porosity of the filter C90 was 73.8%, 71.1%, 74.4% and 71.5% by, respectively, the Arquimedes method, simple gamma ray transmission, transept analysis and analysis of the microtomographic images at 28.3 keV.